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Additive Manufacturing

Provide you particle size distribution and particle shape analysis data of metals.

The manufacturing of metals includes various physical and chemical processes including smashing, gas, liquid and centrifugal atomization, direct reduction and extraction. Each method has strict monitoring indexes, such as temperature, pressure, grade, isolation and protection, to ensure the particle size, particle shape, quality and other physical and chemical properties of the final products.

Through testing particle size, particle shape and physical properties of powder, Bettersize instruments can monitor and control product quality, improve product quality and optimize production technology in the development and manufacturing process of metals. The applicable products include aluminium powder, bismuth, bronze, metal carbides, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper powder, gallium, hafnium, indium, iron powder, lead, magnesium powder, molybdenum powder, nickel, niobium, platinum, rhenium, rubidium, silicon, silver, Strontium, tantalum, tin, titanium dioxide, tungsten, vanadium, yttrium, zinc powder and zirconium oxide as well as other rare metals and many different alloys of these primary metals.

In addition, particle size and shape analysis is required in Powder Metallurgy Parts Manufacturing. Powdered metal components are made from powdered metal using a variety of manufacturing techniques. These techniques include pressing and sintering, powder forging, hot isostatic pressing, electric current assisted sintering, metal injection molding, and selective laser melting.

Size specifications for an atomized metal powder are often tighter than many other parts manufacturing processes. The D(50) might be smaller and the particle size distribution narrower for complex parts with thin surfaces. Bimodal distributions might be needed to maximize loose-packed density on the laser melter bed to optimise the density and strength and minimize voids in the finished parts.

Particles produced must be highly spherical and smooth-surfaced for good flowability and packing of the laser melter bed.
Contaminants are detrimental in any metal powder, even a single contaminant could cause a point defect in a very thin section of a part. Dynamic image analysis can be used in quality control to monitor if the particles are irregular, rough-surfaced, or translucent. The amount of material that is unfit for purpose can be quantified as a proportion of the sample by volume or number.

Recycling of metal powder can cause it to wear and be contaminated on recycling. If it goes out of spec it has to be melted and re-atomized - a costly expense - to produce in specification powder again.

Quality Control of Metal Powders needs to be effected to meet quality specifications of powder manufacturers outgoing inspection and the powder metallurgy parts manufacturers' incoming inspection. The morphology and particle size distribution of the powder influences flowability, packing density and contaminant level of the metal powders.

In addition, measuring the morphology and particle size distribution of the powder by the systems below help in determining the green strength, porosity, sintered strength and mechanical properties of the formed parts.

Bettersizer 2600

Functional redundancy as an indicator for evaluating functional diversity of macrobenthos under the mussel raft farm near Gouqi Island

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740024 Read Article

Zhejiang Ocean University | 2024

Biological traits analysis (BTA) helps to evaluate the effects of different environmental variables on the traits-based functional composition of macrobenthos. However, research on functional traits of macrobenthos under mussel farming is limited. We investigated the spatial and temporal response of the benthic system in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity to environmental variables of farming and natural stressors resulting from suspended mussel farming near Gouqi Island of eastern China Sea. The functional traits of macrobenthic assemblages under mussel farming were characterized by “medium adult body size”, “vermiform body form”, “high flexibility”, “infauna”, “semi-motile”, “gonochoristic”, “surface deposit-feeders”, “carnivores”, “semi-motile burrowers”, and “tube-dwellers”. Functional redundancy was stable in response to mussel farming stresses among seasons, whereas species diversity showed efficient to evaluate natural variables. Functional diversity was significantly affected by farming stressors rather than natural variables, Further analysis using multivariate methods together with continuous monitoring were highlighted to evaluate the impacts of mussel farming. Our results reinforce the importance of macrobenthic species and functional traits analysis to evaluate human stresses driven impacts in offshore ecosystems. By analysing the environmental variables with different sources, independently, we concluded the main effects of human pressures on macrobenthic community. Such distinction could be particularly effective to isolate variable environmental descriptors and evaluate their effects on functional diversity, making the current approach promising for the evaluation of ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors in aquaculture areas.

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Bettersizer 2600

Degradation characteristics and utilization strategies of a covalent bonded resin-based solid amine during capturing CO₂ from flue gas

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125621 Read Article

China University of Petroleum | 2024

In this study, various types of degradation as well as attrition which are possibly encountered in a circulating fluidized bed temperature swing adsorption (CFB-TSA) process, were conducted experimentally to evaluate the stability of a resin-based solid amine sorbent. Other characterizations methods, such as elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc. were applied to further reveal the degradation mechanisms. The results showed that thermal degradation occurs from 140–160 °C due to the decomposition of amine group. The CO₂-induced degradation occurs from a higher temperature of 160–180 °C accompanied by the production of urea. Hydrothermal stability is good below 130 °C, but the ionic impurities in steam crystalized on particle surface can accelerate the degradation. Oxidative degradation is the most harmful, which starts at a lower temperature of 70–80 °C with the formation of aldehyde. The existence of H₂O in atmosphere can alleviate the oxidative and CO₂-induced degradations. The employed sorbent has a very low attrition index of 0.05, which is 1–2 orders lower than typical commercial fluidized bed catalysts. Based on the results of stability evaluation, some design suggestions for proper utilization of this sorbent or other similar resin-based sorbents have been provided in an industrial CFB-TSA process.

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Bettersizer 2600

De-branching of starch molecules enhanced the complexation with chitosan and its potential utilization for delivering hydrophobic compounds

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109498 Read Article

Shihezi University | 2024

The current study aimed to prepare the complexes between debranched-waxy corn starch and chitosan polymers (DBS-CS), and then investigated their corresponding structural characteristics, rheological property and potent application in Pickering emulsion. The results indicated that the existence of chitosan significantly inhibited starch short-range molecular rearrangement for all DBS-CS samples, which was manipulated by both debranching treatment and chitosan content. Interestingly, this is the first study to reveal that the outstanding peak at 1.8 ppm in 1H NMR spectrum for sample DBS-CS was gradually shifted towards a lower-field region following an increased chitosan content. Moreover, the debranching treatment shifted the crystallinity pattern from A-type to B-type and the relative crystallinity of DBS-CS decreased gradually with the increased content of CS. All samples had a pseudoplastic fluid and shear-thinning behavior with an enhanced shear resistance following the complexation. The DBS-CS was applied in a Pickering emulsion for showing a greater emulsifying stability and a lower gel strength than native NS-CS prepared emulsion. Importantly, the encapsulation ability of curcumin in the DBS-CS emulsion was significantly improved, followed by an increase of 15.45% for its corresponding bioavailability compared to the control. Therefore, this study might highlight a potential carrier for delivering the bioactive substances in a green pattern.

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Bettersizer 2600

Heat-induced aggregation behavior of wheat gluten after adding citrus pectin with different esterification degree

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109420 Read Article

Gansu Agricultural University | 2024

Wheat gluten aggregation during heat treatment is beneficial to the final quality of gluten-based products. Exogenous pectin can affect gluten aggregation. However, the effect of pectin with different degrees of esterification on the heat-induced aggregation behavior of gluten and its possible mechanism are still unclear. Thus, the heat-induced aggregation behavior of gluten after adding pectin with different esterification degree was studied in this study. When the temperature was raised from 25 °C to 95 °C, pectin affected gluten aggregation and was related to the degree of esterification. Specifically, the results of rheological properties and particle size indicated that low-ester pectin improved the viscoelasticity of gluten and promoted gluten aggregation. Thermal properties revealed that enthalpy of gluten added with low-ester pectin (37%) increased from 92.96 J/g to 95.40 J/g during heating process. Structurally, the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity of gluten added with low-ester pectin (37%) were lower than those added with high-ester pectin (73%). In addition, low-ester pectin (37%) significantly increased the disulfide bond content (from 15.31 μmol/g to 18.06 μmol/g) and maintained β-sheet content of gluten compared with gluten alone at 95 °C, indicating that low-ester pectin was more likely to induce gluten aggregation. However, scanning electron microscope showed that the gluten added with low-ester pectin (46%) exhibited a denser network structure at 95 °C than that added with low-ester pectin (37%). These results will provide a theoretical base for the regulation of gluten aggregation and the quality of gluten-based products by pectin with different esterification degree.

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Curated Resources

Application Note

2022-04-06

Particle characterization for additive manufacturing: Analysis of the key parameters particle size and shape using only one instrument

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